烟草 is a plant grown for its leaves, which are dried and fermented before being 放入烟草制品. 烟草 contains nicotine, an ingredient that can lead to addiction, which is why so many people who use tobacco find it difficult to quit. There are also many other potentially harmful chemicals found in tobacco or created 通过燃烧它.
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烟草 & 尼古丁
人们如何使用烟草?
人们可以吸烟、咀嚼或闻烟草. 吸烟的烟草制品包括香烟、 雪茄，比迪士，还有克里特. 一些 people also smoke loose tobacco in a pipe or hookah (水管). Chewed tobacco products include chewing tobacco, snuff, dip, and snus; 鼻烟也可以闻.
烟草是如何影响大脑的?
The nicotine in any tobacco product readily absorbs into the blood when a person uses it. Upon entering the blood, nicotine immediately stimulates the adrenal glands to 释放肾上腺素(肾上腺素). 肾上腺素刺激中枢神经 system and increases blood pressure, breathing, and heart rate. 就像毒品一样 as cocaine and heroin, nicotine activates the brain’s reward circuits and also increases 化学信使的水平 多巴胺，这强化了奖励行为. 研究表明烟草中的其他化学物质 smoke, such as acetaldehyde, may enhance nicotine’s effects on the brain.
烟草使用对健康的其他影响是什么?
Although nicotine is addictive, most of the severe health effects of tobacco use comes 其他化学物质. 烟草 吸烟 can lead to lung cancer, chronic bronchitis, 和肺气肿. It increases the risk of heart disease, which can lead to stroke or 心脏病. Smoking has also been linked to other cancers, leukemia, cataracts, 2型糖尿病和肺炎. All of these risks apply to use of any smoked product, 包括水烟. Smokeless tobacco increases the risk of cancer, especially 口腔癌症.
Pregnant women who smoke cigarettes run an increased risk of miscarriage, stillborn 或者早产儿，或者出生体重过低的婴儿. 怀孕期间吸烟 also be associated with learning and behavioral problems in exposed children.
People who stand or sit near others who smoke are exposed to secondhand smoke, either coming from the burning end of the tobacco product or exhaled by the person who is 吸烟. Secondhand smoke exposure can also lead to lung cancer and heart disease. It can cause health problems in both adults and children, such as coughing, phlegm, 肺功能减退，肺炎和支气管炎. 暴露于二手烟的儿童 are at an increased risk of ear infections, severe asthma, lung infections, and death 婴儿猝死综合症.
电子香烟
Electronic cigarettes, also known as e-cigarettes or e-vaporizers, are battery-operated devices that deliver nicotine with flavorings and other chemicals to the lungs in 蒸汽代替烟雾. E-cigarette companies often advertise them as safer than traditional 香烟，因为它们不燃烧烟草. 但实际上，研究人员对此知之甚少 使用这些设备的健康风险.
吸烟是如何导致上瘾的?
For many who use tobacco, brain changes brought on by continued nicotine exposure 导致上瘾. When a person tries to quit, he or she may have withdrawal symptoms, 包括:
- 易怒
- 注意问题
- 睡眠问题
- 增加食欲
- 对烟草的强烈渴望
人们如何治疗尼古丁成瘾?
Both behavioral treatments and medications can help people quit 吸烟, but the combination of medication with counseling is more effective than either 独自一人.
美国.S. Department of Health and Human 服务 has established a national toll-free quitline, 1-800-QUIT-NOW, to serve as an access point for anyone seeking information 并有助于戒烟.
行为治疗
Behavioral treatments use a variety of methods to help people quit 吸烟, ranging 从自助材料到咨询. 这些治疗方法教会人们认识 high-risk situations and develop strategies to deal with them. 例如，人们 who hang out with others who smoke are more likely to smoke and less likely to quit.
尼古丁替代疗法
尼古丁 replacement therapies (NRTs) were the first medications the U.S. 食品和 Drug Administration (FDA) approved for use in 吸烟 cessation therapy.
Current FDA-approved NRT products include chewing gum, transdermal patch, nasal sprays, 吸入器和含片. NRTs deliver a controlled dose of nicotine to relieve withdrawal 患者试图戒烟时出现的症状.
其他药物
安非他酮(耐烟盼®)和伐尼克兰(Chantix)®) are two FDA-approved non-nicotine medications that have helped people quit 吸烟. They target nicotine receptors in the brain, easing withdrawal symptoms and blocking 如果人们重新开始吸烟，尼古丁的影响.
一个人会过量服用尼古丁吗?
尼古丁 is poisonous and, though uncommon, overdose is possible. 过量服用 when the person uses too much of a drug and has a toxic reaction that results in serious, 有害症状或死亡. 尼古丁 poisoning usually occurs in young children who accidentally chew on nicotine gum or patches used to quit 吸烟 or swallow e-cigarette 液体. Symptoms include difficulty breathing, vomiting, fainting, headache, weakness, 增加或减少心率. 任何担心孩子或成人可能 be experiencing a nicotine overdose should seek immediate medical help.
与电子烟有关的死亡报告
美国食品和药物管理局有 提醒 the public to hundreds of 报告s of serious lung illnesses associated with vaping, 包括几次死亡. 他们是 working with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to investigate the cause of these illnesses. 许多嫌疑人 products tested by the states or federal health officials have been identified as vaping products containing THC, the main psychotropic ingredient in marijuana. 一些 of the patients 报告ed a mixture of THC and nicotine; and some 报告ed vaping nicotine 独自一人. No one substance has been identified in all of the samples tested, and it is unclear if the illnesses are related to one single compound. 直到更多的细节 known, FDA officials have warned people not to use any vaping products bought on the street, and they warn against modifying any products purchased in stores. 他们是 还要求人们和卫生专业人员 报告 有任何副作用吗?.
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约旦弗雷泽
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